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In literary criticism, stream of consciousness, also known as interior monologue, is a narrative mode or device that depicts the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind.〔J. A. Cuddon, ''A Dictionary of Literary Terms''. (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books,1984), p.660-1).〕 The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his ''The Principles of Psychology'', and in 1918 May Sinclair first applied the term stream of consciousness, in a literary context, when discussing Dorothy Richardson's novels. ==Definition== Stream of consciousness is a narrative device that attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in thought and lack of some or all punctuation.〔For example, both Beckett and Joyce omitted full stops and paragraph breaks, but while Joyce also omitted apostrophes, Beckett left them in.〕 Stream of consciousness and interior monologue are distinguished from dramatic monologue and soliloquy, where the speaker is addressing an audience or a third person, which are chiefly used in poetry or drama. In stream of consciousness the speaker's thought processes are more often depicted as overheard in the mind (or addressed to oneself); it is primarily a fictional device. The term "Stream of Consciousness" was coined by philosopher and psychologist William James in ''The Principles of Psychology'' (1890): ::consciousness, then, does not appear to itself as chopped up in bits ... it is nothing joined; it flows. A 'river' or a 'stream' are the metaphors by which it is most naturally described. ''In talking of it hereafter, let's call it the stream of thought, consciousness, or subjective life.〔(I, pp.239-43) quoted in Randall Stevenson, ''Modernist Fiction: An Introduction''. (Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky, 1992), p.39.〕 In the following example of stream of consciousness from James Joyce's ''Ulysses'', Molly seeks sleep:
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